This is an ambitious - but frankly inappropriate student project - students are not exposed to nearly the level of complexity involved in addressing a problem such as this (one that the entire sustainability industry is focused on changing)
The problem with this as a concept is you need to spend a few minutes dissecting all of the pieces that can exist in “e-waste”.
You have:
Heavy metals (which when ground up will be released into the environment as toxic dust)
Metal & plastic (which can be recycled on their own)
Precious metals (gold is often used in circuit boards, chips and connectors)
Other stuff - Rubbers, silicones, glues, and other materials which are often completely impossible to do anything with.
A piece of the sustainability puzzle that is usually misunderstood is the energy required to make something, and then recycle it back. Recycling material such as gold is currently something that happens actively, but the process of doing it usually leads to the release of toxic gasses and chemicals. Countries like China don’t care about this, which is why countries like the US send millions of tons of E-waste to mainland Asia, but it just moves the problem and does not solve it.
Grinding up toxic materials, and mixing them together with a toxic epoxy would create a material that would still cost more money, and require more energy than creating a standard brick, cinderblock, or other finished product. In which case, why would someone use a “Recycled cell phone brick” over a regular old clay fired brick?
As a design student you should be taught why over molding plastics is bad, why designing for disassembly is important, and why encouraging people to always buy the latest and greatest thing is great for capitalism but not for the environment.
Trying to solve “what to do with garbage” is an inappropriate design school exercise - and one that will probably lead one of your classmates to some type of toxic chemical experiment by trying to dissolve their cell phone.